Powertrain engineering dossier · 4-stroke spark-ignition
3.0 L Inline-6 petrol engine
Full kinematic model, parametric optimization and live simulation — crankshaft, rods, pistons, valvetrain, accessories and 5-speed transmission, every dimension derived from first principles.
disp 2.993 Lbore×stroke 84×90 mm
rod 150 mm · n 3.33CR 10.5:1
power 147 kW / 197 hptorque 281 N·m
firing 1-5-3-6-2-4components 52
01
Live simulation
fixed iso · 120 HD frames · valvetrain + transmission
crank 0°cam 0° · ½ speed
Engine speed
0
rpm
Gear / ratio
N / —
Road speed
0 km/h
Wheel
0 rpm
Overall ratio
—
60 km/h
02
Design calculations
first-principles parameter derivationCrank geometry
r = S / 2 = 90 / 2 = 45 mm
λ = r / L = 45 / 150 = 0.300
n = L / r = 150 / 45 = 3.33 (rod ratio)
λ = r / L = 45 / 150 = 0.300
n = L / r = 150 / 45 = 3.33 (rod ratio)
Swept volume
V₁ = (π/4)·B²·S per cylinder
= 0.7854 · 84² · 90 = 498 762 mm³
Vd = z·V₁ = 6 · 0.499 = 2.993 L
= 0.7854 · 84² · 90 = 498 762 mm³
Vd = z·V₁ = 6 · 0.499 = 2.993 L
Piston displacement
s(θ) = r(1−cosθ) + L(1−√(1−λ²sin²θ))
stroke S = 2r = 90 mm peak-to-peak
stroke S = 2r = 90 mm peak-to-peak
Piston velocity
v(θ) = r·ω·(sinθ + (λ/2)·sin2θ)
v̄ = 2·S·N/60 = 2·0.09·6500/60 = 19.5 m/s
v̄ = 2·S·N/60 = 2·0.09·6500/60 = 19.5 m/s
Inertia / redline
ω = 2πN/60 = 2π·6500/60 = 680.7 rad/s
a_TDC = r·ω²·(1+λ)
= 0.045·680.7²·1.30 = 27 100 m/s² = 2762 g
a_TDC = r·ω²·(1+λ)
= 0.045·680.7²·1.30 = 27 100 m/s² = 2762 g
Torque from BMEP
T = BMEP·Vd / (4π) (4-stroke)
= 11.8e5·2.993e-3 / 4π = 281 N·m @3500
= 11.8e5·2.993e-3 / 4π = 281 N·m @3500
Power output
P = T·ω = T·2πN/60
peak = 147 kW = 197 hp @ 6000 rpm
spec. output = 147/3.0 = 49 kW/L
peak = 147 kW = 197 hp @ 6000 rpm
spec. output = 147/3.0 = 49 kW/L
Transmission
N_eng = (v/C)·FD·i_gear · 60
C = 2πr_w = 2.012 m, FD = 3.70
1st overall = 3.50·3.70 = 12.95
C = 2πr_w = 2.012 m, FD = 3.70
1st overall = 3.50·3.70 = 12.95
03
Piston kinematics
live · scales with engine rpmFIG.01 — displacement (mm)
FIG.02 — velocity (m/s) accel (×1000 m/s²)
FIG.03 — crank torque-arm (power delivery)
04
Performance & gearing
BMEP-derived curvespeak power
147 kW
197 hp @ 6000
peak torque
281 N·m
@ 3500 rpm
specific output
49 kW/L
naturally aspirated
mean piston speed
19.5 m/s
@ 6500 rpm
FIG.04 — power (kW) torque (N·m) vs rpm
FIG.05 — road speed vs rpm · selected gear highlighted
05
Optimization & efficiency
rod-ratio sweep · BSFC island mapFIG.06 — side-thrust secondary inertia vs rod ratio · optimum 3.0–3.6
FIG.07 — BSFC map (g/kWh) · green = efficient · white = WOT envelope
06
System architecture
FBD & FFBD07
Bill of materials
52 components · realistic appearances| Component | Qty | Material | Dimension basis |
|---|---|---|---|
| Crankshaft | 1 | Stainless steel | r = 45 mm, 7 mains |
| Connecting rods | 6 | Stainless steel | L = 150 mm (n=3.33) |
| Pistons | 6 | Aluminium | ⌀84 mm |
| Intake / exhaust valves | 12 | Steel | cam-actuated |
| Camshaft (+12 lobes) | 1 | Steel | ½ crank speed |
| Spark plugs / injectors | 12 | Ceramic / red acrylic | per cylinder |
| Flywheel | 1 | Cast iron | ⌀276 mm |
| Crank pulley / damper | 1 | Black chrome | front of crank |
| Intake / exhaust manifold | 2 | Black chrome / cast iron | 6 runners |
| Fuel rail + pump, sump, head | 4 | Aluminium / steel | — |
| Gearbox (shafts, 10 gears, clutch, case) | 6 | Steel / aluminium | 5-speed + final 3.70 |